A Simplified Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assay for Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 Growth in Cell Culture
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected millions within just a few months, causing severe respiratory disease and mortality. Assays to monitor SARS-CoV-2 growth in vitro depend on time-consuming and costly RNA extraction steps, hampering progress in basic research and drug development efforts.
Here, we developed a simplified quantitative real-time PCR assay that bypasses viral RNA extraction steps and can monitor SARS-CoV-2 growth from a small amount of cell culture supernatants. In addition, we show that this approach is easily adaptable to numerous other RNA and DNA viruses. Using this assay, we screened the activities of a number of compounds that were predicted to alter SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication as well as HIV-1-specific drugs in a proof-of-concept study. We found that E64D (inhibitor of endosomal proteases cathepsin B and L) and apilimod (endosomal trafficking inhibitor) potently decreased the amount of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in cell culture supernatants with minimal cytotoxicity.
Surprisingly, we found that the macropinocytosis inhibitor ethylisopropylamiloride (EIPA) similarly decreased SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in supernatants, suggesting that entry may additionally be mediated by an alternative pathway. HIV-1-specific inhibitors nevirapine (a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor [NNRTI]), amprenavir (a protease inhibitor), and allosteric integrase inhibitor 2 (ALLINI-2) modestly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication, albeit the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were much higher than that required for HIV-1. Taking the data together, this simplified assay will expedite basic SARS-CoV-2 research, be amenable to mid-throughput screening assays (i.e., drug, CRISPR, small interfering RNA [siRNA], etc.), and be applicable to a broad number of RNA and DNA viruses.
IMPORTANCE Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, is continuing to cause immense respiratory disease and social and economic disruptions. Conventional assays that monitor SARS-CoV-2 growth in cell culture rely on costly and time-consuming RNA extraction procedures, hampering progress in basic SARS-CoV-2 research and development of effective therapeutics.
Here, we developed a simple quantitative real-time PCR assay to monitor SARS-CoV-2 growth in cell culture supernatants that does not necessitate RNA extraction and that is as accurate and sensitive as existing methods. In a proof-of-concept screen, we found that E64D, apilimod, EIPA, and remdesivir can substantially impede SARS-Cov-2 replication, providing novel insight into viral entry and replication mechanisms.
In addition, we show that this approach is easily adaptable to numerous other RNA and DNA viruses. This simplified assay will undoubtedly expedite basic SARS-CoV-2 and virology research and be amenable to use in drug screening platforms to identify therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2.

pharmacodane
rHu MIP-3-beta |
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AK8232-0005 | Akron Biotech | 5µg | Ask for price |
rHu MIP-3-beta |
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AK8232-0020 | Akron Biotech | 20µg | Ask for price |
rHu MIP-3-beta |
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AK8232-0100 | Akron Biotech | 100µg | Ask for price |
rHu MIP-3-beta |
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AK8232-1000 | Akron Biotech | 1mg | Ask for price |
rHu MIP-4 |
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AK8218-0002 | Akron Biotech | 2µg | Ask for price |
rHu MIP-4 |
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AK8218-0010 | Akron Biotech | 10µg | Ask for price |
rHu MIP-4 |
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AK8218-0100 | Akron Biotech | 100µg | Ask for price |
rHu MIP-4 |
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AK8218-1000 | Akron Biotech | 1mg | Ask for price |
rHu MIP-1-beta |
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AK8264-0002 | Akron Biotech | 2µg | Ask for price |
rHu MIP-1-beta |
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AK8264-0010 | Akron Biotech | 10µg | Ask for price |
rHu MIP-1-beta |
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AK8264-0100 | Akron Biotech | 100µg | Ask for price |
rHu MIP-1-beta |
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AK8264-1000 | Akron Biotech | 1mg | Ask for price |
MIP-3 alpha, CCL20, human |
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RC315-31 | Bio Basic | 5ug | EUR 125.26 |
Ccl20 Antibody / Mip-3 alpha |
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R32858 | NSJ Bioreagents | 100 ug | EUR 356.15 |
Description: Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 3 alpha (MIP-3 alpha), is also called Chemokine, cc motif, ligand 20 (CCL20). The MIP-3 alpha / CCL20 gene was cloned and sequenced, revealing a four exon, three intron structure, and was localized by FISH analysis to 2q35-q36. MIP3 alpha is predominantly expressed in lymph nodes, appendix, PBL, fetal liver, fetal lung and several cell lines. MIP3 alpha / CCL20 and its receptor CCR6 are markedly up-regulated in psoriasis, and they may play a role in the recruitment of T cells to lesional psoriatic skin. |
MIP-3 alpha Recombinant Protein |
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40-353-0005mg | ProSci | 0.005 mg | EUR 311.1 |
Description: MIP-3 alpha is a CC chemokine that is expressed in the liver, lymph nodes, appendix, PBL and lung and signals through the CCR6 receptor. MIP-3 alpha is chemotactic towards lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Additionally, it promotes the adhesion of memory CD4+ T cells and inhibits colony formation of bone marrow myeloid immature progenitors. Recombinant murine MIP-3 alpha is a 7.9 kDa protein containing 70 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines. |
MIP-3 alpha Recombinant Protein |
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40-353-002mg | ProSci | 0.02 mg | EUR 437.1 |
Description: MIP-3 alpha is a CC chemokine that is expressed in the liver, lymph nodes, appendix, PBL and lung and signals through the CCR6 receptor. MIP-3 alpha is chemotactic towards lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Additionally, it promotes the adhesion of memory CD4+ T cells and inhibits colony formation of bone marrow myeloid immature progenitors. Recombinant murine MIP-3 alpha is a 7.9 kDa protein containing 70 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines. |
MIP-3 alpha Recombinant Protein |
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40-380-0005mg | ProSci | 0.005 mg | EUR 311.1 |
Description: MIP-3 alpha is a CC chemokine that is expressed in the liver, lymph nodes, appendix, PBL and lung and can signal through the CCR6 receptor. MIP-3 alpha is chemotactic towards lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Additionally, it promotes the adhesion of memory CD4+ T cells and inhibits colony formation of bone marrow myeloid immature progenitors. Recombinant human MIP-3 alpha is an 8.0 kDa protein containing 70 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines. |
MIP-3 alpha Recombinant Protein |
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40-380-002mg | ProSci | 0.02 mg | EUR 437.1 |
Description: MIP-3 alpha is a CC chemokine that is expressed in the liver, lymph nodes, appendix, PBL and lung and can signal through the CCR6 receptor. MIP-3 alpha is chemotactic towards lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Additionally, it promotes the adhesion of memory CD4+ T cells and inhibits colony formation of bone marrow myeloid immature progenitors. Recombinant human MIP-3 alpha is an 8.0 kDa protein containing 70 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines. |
Recombinant Human MIP-3 alpha (CCL20) |
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HECCP-2001 | Cyagen | 5ug | Ask for price |
MIP-1 alpha Antibody |
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20-abx148975 | Abbexa |
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MIP-1 alpha Antibody |
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45363-100ul | SAB | 100ul | EUR 302.4 |
MIP-1 alpha Antibody |
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45363-50ul | SAB | 50ul | EUR 224.4 |
MIP-1 alpha Antibody |
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DF8572 | Affinity Biosciences | 100ul | EUR 280 |
Description: Human |
MIP-1 alpha Antibody |
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DF8572-100ul | Affinity Biosciences | 100ul | EUR 280 |
MIP-1 alpha Antibody |
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DF8572-200ul | Affinity Biosciences | 200ul | EUR 350 |
MIP-1 alpha Antibody |
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E19-8572-1 | EnoGene | 50ug/50ul | EUR 145 |
Description: Available in various conjugation types. |
MIP-1 alpha Antibody |
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E19-8572-2 | EnoGene | 100ug/100ul | EUR 225 |
Description: Available in various conjugation types. |
MIP 1 alpha antibody |
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20R-1788 | Fitzgerald | 100 ug | EUR 807.6 |
Description: Rabbit polyclonal MIP 1 alpha antibody |
MIP- 1 alpha Antibody |
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ABD8572 | Lifescience Market | 100 ug | EUR 525.6 |
Mouse MIP-3 alpha/CCL20 ELISA Kit |
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LF-EK50839 | Abfrontier | 1×96T | EUR 777.6 |
Human MIP-3 alpha/CCL20 ELISA Kit |
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RK00207 | Abclonal | 96 Tests | EUR 625.2 |
Mouse MIP-3 alpha/CCL20 ELISA Kit |
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RK00129 | Abclonal | 96T | EUR 280 |
Recombinant (E.Coli) Human p38 alpha/SAPK2 alpha |
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RP-675 | Alpha Diagnostics | 1 ug | EUR 343.2 |
Monoclonal anti-human Alpha (FSH-Alpha), IgG clone 3 aff pure |
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FSHA12-M | Alpha Diagnostics | 1 mg | EUR 578.4 |
MIP-1 alpha, CCL3, human |
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RC315-14 | Bio Basic | 5ug | EUR 125.26 |
Recombinant Human MIP-3 Alpha (CCL20) Protein |
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PROTP78556-2 | BosterBio | 20ug | EUR 380.4 |
Description: MIP-3α is a CC chemokine that is expressed in the liver, lymph nodes, appendix, PBL and lung and can signal through the CCR6 receptor. MIP-3α is chemotactic towards lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Additionally, it promotes the adhesion of memory CD4+ T cells and inhibits colony formation of bone marrow myeloid immature progenitors. Recombinant human MIP-3α is an 8.0 kDa protein containing 70 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines. |
Recombinant Murine MIP-3 Alpha (CCL20) Protein |
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PROTO89093-1 | BosterBio | 20ug | EUR 380.4 |
Description: MIP-3α is a CC chemokine that is expressed in the liver, lymph nodes, appendix, PBL and lung and signals through the CCR6 receptor. MIP-3α is chemotactic towards lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Additionally, it promotes the adhesion of memory CD4+ T cells and inhibits colony formation of bone marrow myeloid immature progenitors. Recombinant murine MIP-3α is a 7.9 kDa protein containing 70 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines. |
CCL3 Antibody / MIP-1 alpha |
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R31933 | NSJ Bioreagents | 100 ug | EUR 356.15 |
Description: Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha), also called CCL3, LD78. The cDNA for CCL3 predicts a mature peptide of 69 amino acids with a molecular mass of 7,889 daltons. CCL3 is a member of a newly identified superfamily of small inducible proteins involved in inflammatory responses, wound healing and tumorigenesis. CCL3 is a chemokine that has pro-inflammatory and stem cell inhibitory activities in vitro. It constitutes an important second signal for mast cell degranulation in the conjunctiva in vivo and consequently for acute-phase disease. |
ELISA kit for Rat MIP-3 Alpha/CCL20 |
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EK5193 | SAB | 96 tests | EUR 663.6 |
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for quantification of Rat MIP-3 Alpha/CCL20 in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates and other biological fluids. |
MIP-1 alpha Blocking Peptide |
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DF8572-BP | Affbiotech | 1mg | EUR 234 |
Rabbit Anti-Human Alpha Defensin 1-3 (NP1-3/hNP1-3)antiserum #1 |
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HDEFA11-S | Alpha Diagnostics | 100 ul | EUR 548.4 |
human Topoisomerase II alpha (TOP2 alpha) Control/blocking peptide |
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TOP2A11-P | Alpha Diagnostics | 100 ug | EUR 196.8 |
Human Alpha Defensin 1-3 (NP1-3/hNP1-3)control/blocking peptide #1 |
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HDEFA11-P | Alpha Diagnostics | 100 ug | EUR 196.8 |
Human MIP-3 alpha Recombinant Protein Lyophilized |
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IHUMIP3ARLY5UG | Innovative research | each | EUR 341 |
Description: Human MIP-3 alpha Recombinant Protein Lyophilized |
Mouse MIP-3 alpha Recombinant Protein Lyophilized |
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IMSMIP3ARLY5UG | Innovative research | each | EUR 341 |
Description: Mouse MIP-3 alpha Recombinant Protein Lyophilized |
ELISA kit for Human MIP-3 Alpha/CCL20 |
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EK5191 | SAB | 96 tests | EUR 663.6 |
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for quantification of Human MIP-3 Alpha/CCL20 in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates and other biological fluids. |
ELISA kit for Mouse MIP-3 Alpha/CCL20 |
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EK5192 | SAB | 96 tests | EUR 663.6 |
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for quantification of Mouse MIP-3 Alpha/CCL20 in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates and other biological fluids. |
MIP-1 alpha Conjugated Antibody |
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C45363 | SAB | 100ul | EUR 476.4 |
MIP-1 alpha Recombinant Protein |
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40-337-0002mg | ProSci | 0.002 mg | EUR 311.1 |
Description: Both MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta are structurally and functionally related CC chemokines. They participate in the host response to invading bacterial, viral, parasite and fungal pathogens by regulating the trafficking and activation state of selected subgroups of inflammatory cells e.g. macrophages, lymphocytes and NK cells. While both MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta exert similar effects on monocytes their effect on lymphocytes differ; with MIP-1 alpha selectively attracting CD8+ lymphocytes and MIP-1 beta selectively attracting CD4+ lymphocytes. Additionally, MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta have also been shown to be potent chemoattractants for B cells, eosinophils and dendritic cells. Both human and murine MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta are active on human and murine hematopoietic cells. Recombinant murine MIP-1 alpha is a 7.8 kDa protein containing 69 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines. |
MIP-1 alpha Recombinant Protein |
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40-337-001mg | ProSci | 0.01 mg | EUR 437.1 |
Description: Both MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta are structurally and functionally related CC chemokines. They participate in the host response to invading bacterial, viral, parasite and fungal pathogens by regulating the trafficking and activation state of selected subgroups of inflammatory cells e.g. macrophages, lymphocytes and NK cells. While both MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta exert similar effects on monocytes their effect on lymphocytes differ; with MIP-1 alpha selectively attracting CD8+ lymphocytes and MIP-1 beta selectively attracting CD4+ lymphocytes. Additionally, MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta have also been shown to be potent chemoattractants for B cells, eosinophils and dendritic cells. Both human and murine MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta are active on human and murine hematopoietic cells. Recombinant murine MIP-1 alpha is a 7.8 kDa protein containing 69 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines. |
MIP-1 alpha Recombinant Protein |
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40-364-0005mg | ProSci | 0.005 mg | EUR 311.1 |
Description: Both MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta are structurally and functionally related CC chemokines. They participate in the host response to invading bacterial, viral, parasite and fungal pathogens by regulating the trafficking and activation state of selected subgroups of inflammatory cells e.g. macrophages, lymphocytes and NK cells. While both MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta exert similar effects on monocytes their effect on lymphocytes differ; with MIP-1 alpha selectively attracting CD8+ lymphocytes and MIP-1 beta selectively attracting CD4+ lymphocytes. Additionally, MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta have also been shown to be potent chemoattractants for B cells, eosinophils and dendritic cells. Both human and murine MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta are active on human and murine hematopoietic cells. Recombinant human MIP-1 alpha is a 7.8 kDa protein containing 69 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines. |
MIP-1 alpha Recombinant Protein |
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40-364-002mg | ProSci | 0.02 mg | EUR 437.1 |
Description: Both MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta are structurally and functionally related CC chemokines. They participate in the host response to invading bacterial, viral, parasite and fungal pathogens by regulating the trafficking and activation state of selected subgroups of inflammatory cells e.g. macrophages, lymphocytes and NK cells. While both MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta exert similar effects on monocytes their effect on lymphocytes differ; with MIP-1 alpha selectively attracting CD8+ lymphocytes and MIP-1 beta selectively attracting CD4+ lymphocytes. Additionally, MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta have also been shown to be potent chemoattractants for B cells, eosinophils and dendritic cells. Both human and murine MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta are active on human and murine hematopoietic cells. Recombinant human MIP-1 alpha is a 7.8 kDa protein containing 69 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines. |
MIP-1 alpha Recombinant Protein |
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40-412-0005mg | ProSci | 0.005 mg | EUR 311.1 |
Description: Both MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta are structurally and functionally related CC chemokines. They participate in the host response to invading bacterial, viral, parasite and fungal pathogens by regulating the trafficking and activation state of selected subgroups of inflammatory cells e.g. macrophages, lymphocytes and NK cells. While both MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta exert similar effects on monocytes their effect on lymphocytes differ; with MIP-1 alpha selectively attracting CD8+ lymphocytes and MIP-1 beta selectively attracting CD4+ lymphocytes. Additionally, MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta have also been shown to be potent chemoattractants for B cells, eosinophils and dendritic cells. Both human and murine MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta are active on human and murine hematopoietic cells. Recombinant rat MIP-1 alpha is a 7.8 kDa protein containing 69 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines. |
MIP-1 alpha Recombinant Protein |
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40-412-002mg | ProSci | 0.02 mg | EUR 437.1 |
Description: Both MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta are structurally and functionally related CC chemokines. They participate in the host response to invading bacterial, viral, parasite and fungal pathogens by regulating the trafficking and activation state of selected subgroups of inflammatory cells e.g. macrophages, lymphocytes and NK cells. While both MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta exert similar effects on monocytes their effect on lymphocytes differ; with MIP-1 alpha selectively attracting CD8+ lymphocytes and MIP-1 beta selectively attracting CD4+ lymphocytes. Additionally, MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta have also been shown to be potent chemoattractants for B cells, eosinophils and dendritic cells. Both human and murine MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta are active on human and murine hematopoietic cells. Recombinant rat MIP-1 alpha is a 7.8 kDa protein containing 69 amino acid residues, including the four highly conserved cysteine residues present in CC chemokines. |
Murinoglobulin (alpha 1-inhibitor 3) Rat, purified protein |
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MGBN11-N-25 | Alpha Diagnostics | 25 ug | EUR 270 |
Recombinant purified, human Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), active |
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IL1A15-R-10 | Alpha Diagnostics | 10 ug | EUR 416.4 |
Rat MIP-3 alpha/CCL20 PicoKine ELISA Kit |
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EK0455 | BosterBio | 96 wells | EUR 535.2 |
Description: For quantitative detection of rat MIP-3 alpha in cell culture supernates, cell lysates, serum and plasma (heparin, EDTA). |
Rabbit Anti-human Topoisomerase II alpha (TOP2 alpha) IgG, aff pure |
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TOP2A11-A | Alpha Diagnostics | 100 ug | EUR 578.4 |
Rabbit Anti-Human Alpha Defensin 1-3 (NP1-3/hNP1-3), IgG #1, aff pure |
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HDEFA11-A | Alpha Diagnostics | 100 ug | EUR 578.4 |
Human MIP-3 alpha/CCL20 PicoKine ELISA Kit |
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EK0453 | BosterBio | 96 wells | EUR 523.2 |
Description: For quantitative detection of human MIP-3 alpha in cell culture supernates, cell lysates, serum and plasma (heparin, EDTA). |
Mouse MIP-3 alpha/CCL20 PicoKine ELISA Kit |
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EK0454 | BosterBio | 96 wells | EUR 510 |
Description: For quantitative detection of mouse CCL20 in cell culture supernates, cell lysates, serum and plasma (heparin, EDTA). |
MIP-3 alpha/CCL20 ELISA Kit (Mouse) (OKBB00399) |
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OKBB00399 | Aviva Systems Biology | 96 Wells | EUR 606 |
Description: Description of target: Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 3α (MIP3α), also called Chemokine, cc motif, ligand 20 (CCL20). The MIP-3alpha/CCL20 gene was cloned and sequenced, revealing a four exon, three intron structure, and was localized by FISH analysis to 2q35-q36. MIP3α is predominantly expressed in lymph nodes, appendix, PBL, fetal liver, fetal lung and several cell lines. MIP3α/CCL20 and its receptor CCR6 are markedly up-regulated in psoriasis, and they may play a role in the recruitment of T cells to lesional psoriatic skin. And Alanine MIP-3α and Serine MIP-3α, the two forms of MIP3α, that differ by one amino acid at the predicted signal peptide cleavage site. Both of them were chemically synthesized and tested for biological activity. And both flu antigen plus IL-2-activated CD4 (+) and CD8 (+) T lymphoblasts and cord blood-derived dendritic cells responded to Ser and Ala MIP-3α.;Species reactivity: Mouse;Application: ELISA;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Sandwich Immunoassay;Sensitivity: <= 1 pg/mL |
Monoclonal anti-bovine GABAa Receptor alpha 1 (1-269aa) IgG #3, aff pure |
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GAA13-M | Alpha Diagnostics | 100 ug | EUR 578.4 |
MIP-1 alpha (human) ELISA Kit |
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K4784-100 | Biovision | 100 assays | EUR 1000.8 |
Description: Sensitive, Colorimetric Assay |
Monkey MIP-1 Alpha ELISA KIT |
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ELA-E0092Mo | Lifescience Market | 96 Tests | EUR 1113.6 |
Rabbit Anti Human Mip-3 Alpha Polyclonal Antibody |
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CPBT-65216RH | Creative Diagnostics | 0.1 mg | EUR 1057.2 |
Recombinant (Sf90) bovine Phosphoinositide 3-kinase alpha p110a/p85a |
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RP-733 | Alpha Diagnostics | 1 ug | EUR 343.2 |
Recombinant Human Alpha-Synuclein |
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RP-847 | Alpha Diagnostics | 20 ug | EUR 196.8 |
Human/Rat GABAa Receptor alpha 3 (GAA3) Control/blocking peptide #1 |
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GAA31-P | Alpha Diagnostics | 100 ug | EUR 196.8 |
Recombinant Human MIP-1 alpha(CCL3) |
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HECCP-0302 | Cyagen | 5ug | Ask for price |
Alpha 2-Antiplasmin, Human Plasma |
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A2AP15-100 | Alpha Diagnostics | 100 ug | EUR 196.8 |
Alpha 1-Antitrypsin, Human Plasma |
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A1AT15-N | Alpha Diagnostics | 1 mg | EUR 196.8 |
Recombinant (E.Coli) Human GRO-beta/MIP-2 (CXCL2) |
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RP-1013 | Alpha Diagnostics | 10 ug | EUR 343.2 |
Recombinant Mouse (E.Coli) GRO-beta/MIP-2 (CXCL2) |
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RP-1040 | Alpha Diagnostics | 5 ug | EUR 196.8 |
Rabbit Anti-Human/Rat GABAa Receptor alpha 3 (GAA3) IgG, aff pure |
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GAA31-A | Alpha Diagnostics | 100 ug | EUR 578.4 |
Human Core-binding factor alpha 3 (CBFA3) Control/blocking peptide # 1 |
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CBFA31-P | Alpha Diagnostics | 100 ug | EUR 196.8 |
Endothelial intergerin Alpha-V Beta-3 (Clone 17.16), RNA Aptamer, unlabeled |
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AR-287-U | Alpha Diagnostics | Custom | Ask for price |
Mouse alpha Macroglobulin protein, pure |
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AMGL15-N-25 | Alpha Diagnostics | 25 ug | EUR 270 |
Alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin , Human Plasma |
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A1CT15-N-100 | Alpha Diagnostics | 100 ug | EUR 196.8 |
Rabbit Anti-Rat Glutathione Transferase alpha (GST-alpha) antiserum |
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GSTA11-S | Alpha Diagnostics | 100 ul | EUR 548.4 |
Rabbit Anti-Human Estrogen receptor alpha (ER-alpha) peptide IgG |
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ERA12-A | Alpha Diagnostics | 100 ug | EUR 578.4 |
Rabbit Anti-Human Glutathione Transferase alpha (GST-alpha) antiserum |
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GSTA12-S | Alpha Diagnostics | 100 ul | EUR 548.4 |
Rabbit Anti-Rat Murinoglobulin (alpha 1-inhibitor 3) Rat, IgG, aff pure |
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MGBN11-A | Alpha Diagnostics | 100 ug | EUR 578.4 |
Human hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) ELISA Kit, 96 tests, Quantitative |
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100-530-HIF | Alpha Diagnostics | 1 Kit | EUR 854.4 |
Recombinant (E.Coli) Human Thyrostimulin Alpha |
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RP-595 | Alpha Diagnostics | 10 ug | EUR 343.2 |
Expression of ADR-α1, 2 and ADR-β2 in cumulus cellculture of infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome and poor responder who are a candidate for IVF: the novel strategic role of clonidine in this expression
Objective: Alpha and beta-adrenoceptors (ADR-α1, 2, and β2) play a regulatory role in the folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis in the ovarian follicles. This study aimed to measure these adrenoceptors mRNA and its protein levels in cumulus cells (CCs) culture of poor ovarian reserve (POR) and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) infertile women (IVF candidate) and the effect of clonidine treatment at CCs culture.
Methods: This case/control study was conducted in 2017 includes a control (donation oocytes) and two studies (PCO and POR) groups. The ovulation induction drugs were prescribed in all groups. After the oocyte puncture, the follicular fluid was collected and CCs were isolated were cultured. RNA was extracted and cDNA was synthesized and designed the primer for the ADR-α1, 2 and ADR-β2 gene expression. The protein levels were investigated by Western Blot.
Results: The results showed a high level of three adrenergic expressions in PCO women compared to the control group (p-value <.001), which can be reduced by clonidine. POR group showed a significant decrease in the gene expression of ADR-α1 (p-value = .004) and ADR-α2 (p-value = .003) compared to the control group and clonidine treatment had no effect.
Conclusion: The significant increase of three adrenoceptors gene expression and protein levels in CCs culture indicate to the hyperactivity of the ovarian sympathetic nervous system at the receptor levels in women with PCOS, and clonidine confirmed it by reducing this expression. In POR women, the reduction of ADR-α1, 2 expressions maybe lead to the aging process in the ovary.
VEGF 121, CF |
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PR15029CF | Neuromics | 5 ug | EUR 498 |
VEGF-121-Fc |
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E13-m005-1 | EnoGene | 10μg | EUR 411.6 |
VEGF-121-Fc |
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E13-m005-2 | EnoGene | 50μg | EUR 1386 |
VEGF-121 (His tag) |
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EGPS002 | EnoGene | 10ug | EUR 175 |
Human VEGF 121 Antibody |
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32562-05111 | AssayPro | 150 ug | EUR 313.2 |
VEGF 121 Recombinant Protein |
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96-768 | ProSci | 0.02 mg | EUR 519 |
Description: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is also known as vascular permeability factor (VPF) and VEGF-A, and is a member of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family and encodes a protein that is often found as a disulfide linked homodimer. This protein is a glycosylated mitogen that specifically acts on endothelial cells and has various effects, including mediating increased vascular permeability, inducing angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and endothelial cell growth, promoting cell migration, and inhibiting apoptosis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants, encoding either freely secreted or cell-associated isoforms, have been characterized. Alternatively spliced isoforms of 121,145,165,183,189 and 206 amino acids in length are expressed in humans. VEGF165 appears to be the most abundant and potent isoform, followed by VEGF121 and VEGF189. VEGF121 is the only form that lacks a basic heparinbinding region and is freely diffusible. Mouse embryos expressing only the corresponding isoform (VEGF120) do not survive to term, and show defects in skeletogenesis. Human VEGF121 shares 87% aa sequence identity with corresponding regions of mouse and rat, 93% with feline, equine and bovine, and 91%, 95% and 96% with ovine, canine and porcine VEGF, respectively. VEGF121 induces the proliferation of lymphatic endothelial cells. The lymphangiogenesis may be promoted by upregulation of VEGF121, which may in turn act in part via induction of VEGF-C. |
Recombinant Human VEGF 121 Protein |
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RP00017 | Abclonal | 5 μg | EUR 208.8 |
Recombinant human VEGF 121 Protein |
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RP01162 | Abclonal | 5 μg | EUR 181.2 |
Recombinant Human VEGF 121 Protein |
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E40KMP1027 | EnoGene | 20ug | EUR 495 |
rHu EG-VEGF |
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AK8315-0005 | Akron Biotech | 5µg | Ask for price |
rHu EG-VEGF |
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AK8315-0020 | Akron Biotech | 20µg | Ask for price |
rHu EG-VEGF |
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AK8315-0100 | Akron Biotech | 100µg | Ask for price |
rHu EG-VEGF |
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AK8315-1000 | Akron Biotech | 1mg | Ask for price |
Human CellExp? VEGF 121, Human Recombinant |
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6484-10 | Biovision | each | EUR 411.6 |
Human CellExp? VEGF 121, Human Recombinant |
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6484-50 | Biovision | each | EUR 1599.6 |
Human VEGF 121 Antibody (Biotin Conjugate) |
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32562-05121 | AssayPro | 150 ug | EUR 442.8 |
Recombinant human VEGF 121 Protein, His Tag |
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E40KMP1359 | EnoGene | 20ug | EUR 495 |
Human VEGF 121 AssayLite Antibody (RPE Conjugate) |
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32562-05151 | AssayPro | 150 ug | EUR 513.6 |
Human VEGF 121 AssayLite Antibody (APC Conjugate) |
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32562-05161 | AssayPro | 150 ug | EUR 513.6 |
Human VEGF 121 AssayLite Antibody (FITC Conjugate) |
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32562-05141 | AssayPro | 150 ug | EUR 513.6 |
Human VEGF 121 AssayLite Antibody (PerCP Conjugate) |
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32562-05171 | AssayPro | 150 ug | EUR 565.2 |
VEGF 121 Recombinant Protein Tag free Lyophilized |
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IVEGF121RLY20UG | Innovative research | each | EUR 592 |
Description: VEGF 121 Recombinant Protein Tag free Lyophilized |
Recombinant Human VEGF121 Protein |
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PROTP15692-10 | BosterBio | 10ug | EUR 380.4 |
Description: VEGF is a potent growth and angiogenic cytokine. It stimulates proliferation and survival of endothelial cells, and promotes angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Expressed in vascularized tissues, VEGF plays a prominent role in normal and pathological angiogenesis. VEGF signals through three receptors; fms-like tyrosine kinase (flt-1), KDR gene product (the murine homolog of KDR is the flk-1 gene product) and the flt4 gene product. Due to its increased acidity, VEGF121 circulates more freely than other VEGF forms, which bind more tightly with vascular heparin sulfates. Recombinant human VEGF121 is a 28.4 kDa disulfide-linked homodimeric protein consisting of two 121 amino acid polypeptide chains. |
VEGF (121 a.a.), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-121 Human Recombinant Protein, His Tag |
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PROTP15692-8 | BosterBio | Regular: 10ug | EUR 380.4 |
Description: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-121 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a double, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain (aa 207-327) containing a total of 142 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 16.3 kDa. ;The VEGF-121 is fused to a 20 amino acid His tag at N-terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques. |
Recombinant Human VEGF-121 Isoform Protein, Untagged, E.coli-1mg |
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QP5207-1mg | EnQuireBio | 1mg | EUR 4504.8 |
Recombinant Human VEGF-121 Isoform Protein, Untagged, E.coli-2ug |
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QP5207-2ug | EnQuireBio | 2ug | EUR 163.2 |
Recombinant Human VEGF-121 Isoform Protein, Untagged, E.coli-10ug |
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QP5207-10ug | EnQuireBio | 10ug | EUR 284.4 |
Recombinant Human VEGF-121 Isoform Protein, Untagged, E.coli-100ug |
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QP5207-100ug | EnQuireBio | 100ug | EUR 654 |
Recombinant Human VEGF-121 Isoform Protein, Untagged, E.coli-500ug |
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QP5207-500ug | EnQuireBio | 500ug | EUR 2786.4 |
Recombinant Mouse VEGF (121 a. a. ) Protein, Untagged, E.coli-1mg |
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QP13933-1mg | EnQuireBio | 1mg | EUR 4287.6 |
Recombinant Mouse VEGF (121 a. a. ) Protein, Untagged, E.coli-2ug |
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QP13933-2ug | EnQuireBio | 2ug | EUR 186 |
Recombinant Mouse VEGF (121 a. a. ) Protein, Untagged, E.coli-10ug |
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QP13933-10ug | EnQuireBio | 10ug | EUR 241.2 |
VEGF Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (121 a.a.) Human Recombinant Protein |
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PROTP15692-5 | BosterBio | Regular: 10ug | EUR 380.4 |
Description: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-121 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a double, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 121 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 28423 Dalton. VEGF121 circulates more freely than other VEGF forms, which bind more tightly with vascular heparin sulfates.;The VEGF-121 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques. |
VEGF Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (121 a.a.) Mouse Recombinant Protein |
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PROTQ00731-2 | BosterBio | Regular: 10ug | EUR 380.4 |
Description: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-121 Mouse Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a homodimer, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 121 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 28.4 kDa.;Recombinant Mouse VEGF-121 is a truncated version of Murine VEGF-165.;The VEGF-121 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques. |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNC941063-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), CF594 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNC941063-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), CF594 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNC801063-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), CF680 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNC801063-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), CF680 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNC811063-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), CF680R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNC811063-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), CF680R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNC701063-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), CF770 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNC701063-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), CF770 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNC881063-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), CF488A conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNC881063-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), CF488A conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNC051063-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), CF405M conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNC051063-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), CF405M conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNC041063-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), CF405S conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNC041063-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), CF405S conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNC401063-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), CF640R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNC401063-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), CF640R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNCB1063-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), Biotin conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNCB1063-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), Biotin conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNCAP1063-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), Alkaline Phosphatase conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNCAP1063-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), Alkaline Phosphatase conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNCA1063-250 | Biotium | 250uL | EUR 459.6 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), APC conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNCR1063-250 | Biotium | 250uL | EUR 459.6 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), RPE conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNCP1063-250 | Biotium | 250uL | EUR 459.6 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), PerCP conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNUM1063-50 | Biotium | 50uL | EUR 474 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), 1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNCH1063-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), Horseradish Peroxidase conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNCH1063-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), Horseradish Peroxidase conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNUB1063-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 250.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), Concentration: 0.2mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNUB1063-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 549.6 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), Concentration: 0.2mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNC611063-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), CF660R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNC611063-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), CF660R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNC551063-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), CF555 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNC551063-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), CF555 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNC431063-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), CF543 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNC431063-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), CF543 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNC681063-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), CF568 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNC681063-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), CF568 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNC471063-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), CF647 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF-A(VEGF/1063) Antibody |
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BNC471063-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
Description: Primary antibody against VEGF-A(VEGF/1063), CF647 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
VEGF (121a.a.) Human, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (121) Human Recombinant Protein, HEK |
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PROTP15692 | BosterBio | Regular: 10ug | EUR 380.4 |
Description: Recombinant Human VEGF 121 amino acids, produced in HEK cells is a glycosylated 37kDa homodimer and 50kDa homotrimer.;The VEGF is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques. |
VEGF |
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MO15067 | Neuromics | 500 ug | EUR 1092 |
VEGF |
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LF-PR009 | Abfrontier | 10 ug | EUR 306 |
Description: VEGF protein |
VEGF |
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PR15028 | Neuromics | 10 ug | EUR 553.2 |
VEGF |
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E8ET1604-28 | EnoGene | 100ul | EUR 275 |
Description: Available in various conjugation types. |
VEGF |
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cyt-241 | ProSpec Tany | 2µg | EUR 60 |
Description: Recombinant Human Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor |
VEGF |
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ant-125 | ProSpec Tany | 0.5mg | EUR 275 |
Description: Mouse Anti Human Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor |
VEGF/ Rat VEGF ELISA Kit |
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ELA-E0143r | Lifescience Market | 96 Tests | EUR 1063.2 |
VEGF 162 |
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PR15030 | Neuromics | 25 ug | EUR 553.2 |
VEGF 165 |
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PR15031 | Neuromics | 50 ug | EUR 1477.2 |
VEGF 120 |
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PR15033 | Neuromics | 5 ug | EUR 459.6 |
VEGF 164 |
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PR15034 | Neuromics | 25 ug | EUR 1352.4 |
VEGF 164 |
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PR15035 | Neuromics | 50 ug | EUR 1477.2 |
VEGF (121a.a.) |
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cyt-343 | ProSpec Tany | 2µg | EUR 60 |
Description: Recombinant Human Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (121) |
VEGF Human, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (121 a.a.) Human Recombinant Protein, Sf9 |
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PROTP15692-1 | BosterBio | Regular: 10ug | EUR 380.4 |
Description: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-121 Human Recombinant produced in insect cells as an 18kDa homodimer, is a glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 121 amino acids and having a molecular mass of approximately 36kDa.;VEGF121 circulates more freely than other VEGF forms, which bind more tightly with vascular heparin sulfates.;The VEGF-121 is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques. |